善意取得法律要件之重构/奚玮

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-05-20 18:46:15   浏览:8080   来源:法律资料网
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善 意 取 得 法 律 要 件 之 重 构

奚玮
(安徽师范大学经济法政学院,安徽 芜湖 241000)


[摘 要]善意取得制度作为一项古老而重要的民法制度,其构成要件已日臻完善。然而随着社会经济的不断发展,特别是我国即将制定《物权法》之际,善意取得制度仍有许多值得检讨之处。善意取得制度的法律要件包括前主、受让人和标的物三大方面,但这三大要件都有了新的发展。不动产、动产质权与抵押权也应适用善意取得制度,我国《担保法》与善意取得制度有冲突之处。
[关键词]善意取得;前主;受让人;善意

善意取得制度是民法中的一项古老的制度,为近代大陆法系和英美法系民法十分重要的制度。它对于保护善意第三人的利益,维护交易安全,促进商品流通,增长社会物质财富,有着特殊的重要意义。然而,传统的善意取得制度的法律要件存在着需检讨之处。在现代社会之中,物的占有与物的本权(原权)经常地普遍地处于分离状态,物权登记内容往往与实际权利状态存在不一致现象,从而导致建筑于物权公示基础之上的善意取得制度理论基础发生动摇,司法实践中也出现对此制度适用的偏颇。其结果或是损害原权人的利益,损害财物的归属;或是损害依善意取得制度占有财物的第三人的利益,进而损害交易秩序。为正确地适用善意取得制度,防止其被不正当地扩大适用或限制适用,以期更有效地衡平善意第三人与原权人之间的利益冲突,妥善地处理物之静态安全与交易安全的关系,各国均对善意取得制度的构成要件作了严密规定。我国正在制定中的《物权法》将如何规范善意取得制度?传统的善意取得制度之构成要件存在哪些需检讨之处?本文将循此思路作一简要探析。
? 一、善意取得制度的前主要件
(一)前主的占有
?善意取得制度是建立在前主(让与人)实际占有财物这一外观基础之上的,是对占有信赖的保护。善意取得制度的理论基础之一即是外观优越论。所谓外观优越论,是指外观优越于内在,表象优越于真实;当前者与后者不一致时,取前者。在善意取得制度中,外观优越论体现为善意取得制度据以建立的一个基础即是占有(或登记)这一物权外在表现形态。通常认为占有(或登记)这一物权的现象形态代表着物的原权。物权必须公示,这是由物权本身的绝对性与排他性所决定的。所谓公示,即指物权必须以一种公开的、可以为外界知悉的方式予以展示,其目的和结果即在于产生社会公信力,也即使社会公众相信被公示物权拥有者是当然的物之所有人。一般认为不动产物权以登记为公示方式,而动产则以占有为其公示方式。在现代商法中,有的动产物权也以登记为公信方式,如船舶、车辆等,传统的理论认为登记是经由国家官厅的正确运用,一不会发生错误,即登记内容与实际权利状况不一致的情形。然而事实情况并非真的如此,“现代登记制度无论多么独立,多么完善,仍不能完全避免登记内容与实际权利关系不一致的情况发生。”(1)在登记有错误如将受托占有人登记为权利人,抑或登记遗漏如因登记机关过失应当变更登记而未变更的情形下,因相信登记正确而与登记名义人(登记薄上记载的物权人)进行交易的善意第三人,其所得利益仍受法律保护。(2)
(二)前主的无权利(无让与财产的权利)
?善意取得,除了要求前主必须具备占有这一权利外在表现外,还必须以前主无让与财产的权利为要件。如果前主有让与财产的权利,受让人取得财产是当然的,没有适用善意取得的必要。所谓无让与财产的权利包括让与人对财产无所有权而让与财产和让与人对财产无处分权而让与财产两种情形。这里有一个问题值得探讨,我国《担保法》第63条关于“债务人或第三人将其动产移交债权人占有,将动产作为债权的担保”的规定要求出质人是动产的所有人。但如果债务人或第三人以自己无所有权或者无处分权的动产出质的,质权是否有效?因动产质权无登记制度,债权人无法审查出质人是否具有处分权。债权人在善意的情况下,质权能否有效成立?对此,我们认为,设定动产质权的行为为处分行为,因此原则上出质人对标的物应当具有所有权或处分权,否则将不发生动产质权设定的效力。但动产质押的财产是无登记或者注册制度的财产,债权人往往无法审查出质人是否具有处分权。如果质物交付后,真正的权利人可以追夺,则动产质押制度将变得毫无意义。为保护善意取得动产质权的质权人的利益及维护交易安全,各国民商法普遍规定,出质人以自己无权处分的他人的动产设定质押的,准用动产所有权的善意取得制度。质权人占有动产时,不知出质人无处分质物的权利的,质权人仍然可以取得质权。善意取得制度,是对物权追索力的限制。质权的善意取得和动产所有权的善意取得往往会使所有人权益置于风险之中,而如果否定质权的善意取得,则会造成质权的不安全。所有权和质权互相排斥,对一种权利的支持必然会导致对另一种权利的限制或损害,在相互冲突的质权人和动产所有人两个主体利益之间,法律只能作出一种价值选择。我国法律没有明确规定动产善意取得制度,但最高人民法院《关于适用〈中华人民共和国担保法〉若干问题的规定》原则地确立了动产善意取得制度。该条规定:“出质人以其不具有所有权但合法占有的动产出质的,不知出质人无处分权的质权人行使质权后,因此给动产所有人造成损失的,由出质人承担赔偿责任。”我们认为该规定是合理的,其理论基础是:所有人基于对相对人(出质人)的信赖,自愿将其动产或者出租、或者出借、或者修理、或者保管,转移给相对人占有,所有人就应当承担因其基于对相对人的信赖而带来的风险。
二、善意取得制度的受让人要件
(一)、受让人须与前主存在有效的交易行为
?善意取得制度成为近代各国民法中的一项重要的法律制度,盖是出于维护交易安全的考虑,有的学者直接认为是牺牲财产所有权的静的安全而对财产交易的动的安全的保护,由此善意取得的成立,须以有被保护的交易行为的存在为前提,通常,取得财产是通过买卖、互易、质权设定、债务清偿等具有交换性质的行为实现的。构成善意取得的交易行为应是一种有偿交易,取得财产的受让人通常支付了相应的对价。一般学者皆认为无偿取得不适用善意取得制度,“一方面,在许多情况下,无偿转让财产,本身表明财产的来源可能是不正当的,而一个诚实的、不贪图便宜的受让人在受让财产时,应当查明财产的来源,如果不经调查就受让财产,则本身是非善意的,或者说是有过失的。另一方面,由于财产是无偿接受的,受让人占有财产已经获得了一定的利益,因此返还财产并不会蒙受多少损失”(3)。赠与因其不是一种交易行为,且受让者取得财产是无偿的,因此不适用善意取得制度。通过继承、遗赠等行为取得财产也不能产生善意取得的效力,因继承人、受遗赠人只能从被继承人和遗赠人那里取得其个人合法财产,不能通过继承和受遗赠而取得除被继承人和遗赠人以外的他人的财产。
(二)、交易行为须合法有效
?交易行为合法是指交易行为有效成立并生效且没有被撤销和宣布无效的情形。我们认为一般应包括以下一些情形:其一,行为人已达成交易的合意;其二,行为人具有符合法律规定的民事行为能力;其三,行为人意思表示真实;其四,该行为不违反法律或社会公共利益。倘若因受让人无行为能力、错误认识、欺诈、无权代理等事由,交易行为将可能被撤销、宣布无效或效力待定,在这种情形下,因交易行为自身失去受保护的能力,便不得适用善意取得制度。在此有必要对抵押物的善意取得问题作一探讨。在抵押关系中,抵押人基于所有权对抵押物享有处分权,他有权将抵押物自由转让给他人。理论界又一致主张抵押权人对抵押物享有追及权,亦即不管标的物辗转流通到何人手中,抵押权人都可以依法向物的占有人追索,主张权利。理论界还主张,抵押权人的追及权的行使要受到善意取得的限制,追及的效力将被善意取得否定。只要第三人在受让抵押物时,主观上出于善意,并支付了合理的对价,即可对抗抵押权人的追及权。在一般情况下,由于抵押权的设立需要登记,受让人与让与人在从事交易时无论转让人是否告知抵押物设立抵押与否,他都应当查阅登记,并从登记中了解转让物的抵押事实。如果受让人在得知某财产已经设立抵押的情况下,仍然受让该财产,则意味着他自愿接受一种将来可能受到抵押权人追查回复该财产的风险。但如果受让人在受让转让物时不知道或不应当知道转让物已经设立了抵押,在此情况下,受让人主观上是善意的,包括抵押物没有登记(我国《担保法》只要求部分抵押物必须办理抵押登记)、错误登记和遗漏登记的情况。基于物权登记的公信力,即使登记错误或有遗漏,因相信登记正确、全面而与登记名义人(指登记簿上记载的物权人)进行交易的善意受让人,其所得利益受法律保护。抵押权人无权向善意受让人追及,要求其返还财产,受让人基于善意取得制度取得该抵押物的所有权。然而,根据我国《担保法》第49条关于“抵押期间抵押人转让已办理登记的抵押物的,应当通知抵押权人并告知受让人转让物已经抵押的情况;抵押人未通知抵押权人或者未告知受让人的,转让行为无效。”的规定,如果抵押人没有将抵押物已经设立抵押的情况告知抵押权人或受让人,受让人取得该财产就没有法律依据,依据无效交易的规则,受让人应当将受让物返还给抵押人。现行的法律侧重于保护抵押权人的追及力,如果受让人受让抵押物是善意的怎么办?善意受让的效力如何?显然该法条对此持否定态度,这样就构成了与善意取得制度的冲突。最高人民法院《关于适用〈中华人民共和国担保法〉若干问题的规定》第67条规定:“抵押权存续期间,抵押人转让抵押物未通知抵押权人或者未告知受让人的,如果抵押物已经登记的,抵押权人仍可以行使抵押权;取得抵押物所有权的受让人,可以代替债务人清偿其全部债务,使抵押权消灭。受让人清偿债务后可以向抵押人追偿。如果抵押物未经登记的,抵押权人不得对抗受让人,因此给抵押权人造成损失的,由抵押人承担赔偿责任。”我们认为此司法解释仍未能澄清上述问题。只有在承认受让人善意取得的前提下,否定抵押权的追及权,抵押权人才有损害可言。同样,只有在承认抵押权人追及效力的情形下,才能否定受让人的善意取得,受让人才有损失可言,法律到底是取前舍后抑或取后者而舍却前者?将来的物权法律如何规范,尚值得深入探究。?
(三)、取得者的主观态度须为善意。
善意是相对于恶意而言的,善意取得,以受让人主观上善意为成立前提,如受让人非善意,就根本不产生善意取得的问题。关于善意,民法理论上有“积极观念”与“消极观念”之说。持积极观念者认为让与人必须具有将占有人视为原权利人的认识,即根据让与人的权利外观而信赖其有实体权的认识;持消极观念者则认为不知或不应知出让人为无权处分人即为善意。积极观念与消极观念对取得者的注意程度要求不一,前者要求较高,后者要求较为宽松。究竟将取得者的注意程度定在一个什么样的水平,属于法律价值上的判断。近年来,民法理论界普遍认为《德国民法》第932条之规定值得借鉴。它将善意理解为非因重大过失而不知让与人无让与的权利。我国学者一般倾向于消极观念说。根据此说,前述关于受让人受让已办理登记的抵押物的,根据理性的、一般人的认知水平认为转让人无欺诈,或基于登记的公信力而相信登记无错误,并且支付了合理的对价,则应当认为其主观为善意。基于善意而取得抵押物应受法律保护。关于善意之举证,一般认为应由否定受让人为善意之人负责。即主张受让人为非善意者,应负举证责任。此外,所谓善意,仅指受让人受让动产为善意,而与让与人是否善意无关。受让人善意的时间界限是权利自登记名义人转于受让人之时,即受让人取得权利之时;受让人取得权利之后是否知道原登记错误。
有一个问题需要讨论,在保护受让人善意取得的情形下,如无权处分人通过自己的努力以高于市场价格将标的物出让给第三人,则高于市场价的部分是否应返还给原权人。我们认为在此情形下,原权人可以通过不当得利之诉请求返还。其理由是转让人主观有过错且占有该转让价格无法律依据。若转让人以低于市场价出让给第三人,则原权人可提起侵权之诉,要求转让人按市场价格赔偿。
? (四)、受让人须实际占有标的物
?善意取得制度确立的目的是保护受让人基于善意而取得的财产所有权。因此,只有受让人实际占有标的物,才能谈及保护,如果受让人没有占有标的物,也就无从谈及保护所有权。受让人占有标的物谓之财产占有转移,财产占有转移一般须有标的物的实际交付,即受让人对实物本身的实际占有。一般认为占有改定也属实际交付,在占有改定情形下,受让人虽没有直接占有标的物,但已从让与人处取得了标的物的请求权,实际上让与人已无权处分该标的物,而受让人则可依取得的物之请求权实际支配该标的物。因此我们认为承认占有改定并赋予其善意取得的效果在实践中是十分必要的。
? 三、善意取得制度的标的物要件
? 所谓标的物要件,系指欲构成善意取得,或通过善意取得的方式而获得所有权,而对标的物所作的要求或限制。并非所有的物均能适用善意取得制度,下列种类的物一般不能适用。
(一)、不动产
?关于不动产,各国法律规定的标准不一。《法国民法典》第518条规定土地及建筑物为不动产;《日本民法典》第86条规定土地及其定着物为不动产。我国《担保法》第92条也规定土地及房屋、林木等地上定着物为不动产。“不动产因采公示的登记方式,而登记制度,经由公的官厅的正确适用,在使登记薄与实际权利状态保护一致上有充分的保障,由此,被登记人均为真正权利人,非为无权处分人,第三人亦不得借口信赖被登记人为无权处分人而善意受让。”(4)
(二)、采登记对抗主义的动产
此类动产,以登记作为公示的手段,未经登记(公示)没有公信力,不能对抗他人,理论界称之为登记对抗主义。主要有:商法上以登记为所有权转移条件的船舶、机动车辆、航空器等。这类动产,同不动产一样,均以登记为公示方式。另外,受让人在受让此类动产时应当尽到查阅登记的义务,因自己的过失未尽到此项注意义务,而受让了权利不属于让与人的标的物,是为有重大过失,非属善意受让,故不能适用善意取得制度。
但是需要指出的是,如前文所述,不动产和采登记对抗主义的动产也可能会因登记错误、疏漏、未登记等原因发生无权处分问题,那么第三人也同样存在是否知情即是否善意的问题。如果不动产和采登记对抗主义的动产交易中第三人取得财产时出于善意,则从保护善意第三人、维护交易秩序的目的出发,应当允许第三人获得不动产的所有权。另一方面,从各国立法规定来看,大都承认不动产和采登记对抗主义的动产也可适用善意取得制度。
(三)、记名有价证券
记名有价证券须依背书或办理过户手续予以转让,一般不会有误认让与人为所有人的情形,故不适用善意取得制度。
(四)、未分离的不动产的产出物
此类物体,因属于不动产的组成部分,在与不动产分离前仍属不动产,故不得成为善意取得标的标的物。?
(五)、法律禁止流通的物品
各国均依本国利益规定了禁止流通的物品。我国《民法通则》第79条规定:所有人不明的埋藏物、隐藏物,归国家所有;第81条第4款规定:国家所有的矿藏、水流,国家所有的和法律规定属于集体所有的林地、山岭、草原荒地、滩涂不得买卖,抵押或以其他形式非法转让。法律禁止流通的物品,不能成为交易的对象,若以之为交易对象,则交易行为因标的物违法而无效,不符合前述交易行为须有效的要件。
?(六)、依法查封的物品
?依法查封的物品因不能成为交易对象而不得适用善意取得制度。?
(七)、遗失物与被盗物品
?自近代以来,世界各国立法一般将物区分为占有委托物与占有脱离物,并赋予二者以不同的善意占有的法律效果。占有委托物,指基于租赁、保管等合同关系,由承租人、保管人等实际占有的,属于出租人、委托人所有的物。易言之,它是基于原权人的意思而丧失占有之物。而占有脱离物则是非基于原权人的意思而丧失占有之物,如占有遗失物与被盗物品等都属于占有脱离物。占有委托物,一般得无条件适用善意取得;占有脱离物,则根本不适用善意取得或仅于一定条件下适用善意取得。我国立法和司法实践历来对遗失物与被盗物品适用善意取得制度持否定态度。
(八)、金钱
?被赋予了强制通用力而流通的金钱,有着极强的替代性,其未具个性,属种类物,仅是价值的表彰,无法识别,也就因无法回复,受让人取得金钱,无适用善意取得的必要。

参考文献:
[1] 孙毅.物权法公示与公信原则研究[J].梁慧星.民商法论丛(第七卷)[C].北京:法律出版社,1997,495。
?[2] 梁慧星、陈华彬.物权法[M].北京:法律出版社,1997,75.
[3] 王利明.物权法论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1998,296。
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昆明市城市房屋拆迁管理暂行办法

云南省昆明市人民政府


昆明市城市房屋拆迁管理暂行办法
昆明市人民政府


第一章 总则
第一条 为加强我市城市房屋拆迁管理,保护拆迁当事人双方的合法权益,根据国务院《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》(以下简称《条例》)和《云南省城市房屋拆迁管理实施细则》(以下简称《细则》),结合我市实际,制定本办法。
第二条 凡在本市城市规划区内国有土地上因城市建设需要拆迁房屋及其附属物的单位和个人,均应遵守本办法。
第三条 昆明市房产管理局是全市城市房屋拆迁工作的行政主管部门,具体管理工作由市房产管理局房屋拆迁管理处负责。

第二章 管理原则
第四条 因城市建设需要拆迁房屋的单位或个人,必须持昆明市计委和规划部门批准的文件、拆迁安置资金、安置房源情况、相关单位的担保书等有关证明资料向拆迁主管部门提出申请,经审查批准发给《房屋拆迁许可证》,并发布《房屋拆迁公告》后,方可进行拆迁。
未经拆迁主管部门批准,拆迁人不得自行发布《房屋拆迁公告》。
第五条 凡需从事拆迁活动的单位和个人,由拆迁主管部门负责进行资质审查。经审查合格,发给《拆迁资格证》和《拆迁工作证》的,方可从事拆迁。未取得《拆迁资格证》和未经批准发布《房屋拆迁公告》的拆迁人,或者未取得《拆迁工作证》的人员,均不得开展和从事房屋拆迁
业务。
拆迁工作人员在拆迁现场应当佩戴《拆迁工作证》,无《拆迁工作证》和《房屋拆迁公告》的,被拆迁人可以拒绝协商有关搬迁事宜和拒绝搬迁。
第六条 拆迁施工队伍实行《房屋拆迁施工许可证》制度,没有《房屋拆迁施工许可证》的队伍,一律不得从事拆迁施工。
《房屋拆迁施工许可证》由拆迁主管部门审核发放。
第七条 领取《房屋拆迁许可证》后,拆迁人必须与被拆迁人(产权人和使用人)签订补偿、安置协议。未签订补偿安置协议的,不得拆迁。
签订协议时,被拆迁人应当出具房产证(使用证)、户口册和身份证。如委托他人代签协议时,必须有委托书,无委托书而签订的协议无效。
补偿安置协议书由拆迁主管部门统一印制。
第八条 拆迁项目可以由拆迁主管部门实行拆迁招标。实行招标的拆迁项目,由中标单位与建设单位签订委托拆迁合同。
第九条 拆除产权人下落不明的房屋,由拆迁人申请房产管理部门发布公告,自公告发布之日起三十日内房主或被委托人应当与拆迁人签订拆迁协议。逾期不签订拆迁协议或产权人下落不明的,由拆迁人提出补偿、安置方案,报拆迁主管部门批准后实施拆迁。拆迁前,拆迁主管部门应
当组织拆迁人对被拆除房屋实行勘察,并向公证机关办理证据保全。
拆除无房产证的房屋,拆迁人应当事先申请房屋产权监理部门进行鉴定,并根据鉴定结论确定补偿、安置事宜。
第十条 拆迁人与被拆迁人在公告规定的期限内,经协商未达成拆迁协议的,可以向拆迁主管部门申请调解和裁决。当事人对裁决不服的,可在接到裁决书之日起十五天内向人民法院起诉。
第十一条 拆迁主管部门负责对持《拆迁资格证》的单位和本市城市规划区内的房屋拆迁活动进行监督检查,依法查处和纠正拆迁活动中各种违法违章行为。被检查者应当如实提供情况和有关资料,不得拒绝接受检查。

第三章 补偿
第十二条 被拆迁的房屋及其附属物,在拆迁前必须经市房管局房屋产权监理部门进行产权认定勘估。
第十三条 拆除违法建筑和超过批准期限的临时建筑,不予补偿。拆除未超过批准期限的临时建筑物,按勘估价补偿。因城市建设需要,按规划要求必须无条件拆除的临时建筑,不予补偿。
拆除在拆迁公告发布后进行装修或扩建等的房屋部分,不予补偿;拆除在拆迁公告发布前已装修的部分,按发票总额扣除每年10%的折旧率进行补偿;无发票的,按勘估价补偿。
拆除共有产权的房屋,偿还房屋产权仍为共有产权,结构差价和超面积款等由产权共有人按比例共同分摊。
第十四条 补拆迁人在房屋拆迁期间,享有3至6天公假,并由拆迁人按附表一的规定发给搬家费。
拆除住宅、非住宅,拆迁人未向被拆迁人提供临时周转用房的,拆迁人应按附表一的规定付给被拆迁人临时过渡费。
拆除生产车间、商业铺面或是其它营业性的非住宅异地安置的,由拆迁人按附表一的规定给予被拆迁人一次性地段差损失补偿。
对于按时搬迁的被拆迁人,拆迁人可按附表一的规定给予奖励。
第十五条 拆迁人为被拆迁人提供周转房的,住宅房屋,由拆迁人按直管公房租金标准按月向被拆迁人收取房租;非住宅房屋,由拆迁人负责交纳房租,同时不再向被拆迁人发放过渡费。
第十六条 因拆迁房屋需要迁移管线或者铺设临时管线的费用,由拆迁人按照有关部门规定的标准付给被拆迁人或由双方协商解决。

第四章 安置
第十七条 拆迁的安置地点,应当根据城市规划要求和建筑工程性质,按照有利于城市改造的原则确定。
住宅原则上异地安置,商业零售网点就近安置,生产、仓库、办公等用房异地安置。
拆迁自有产权住宅,拆迁人应当提供三个以上安置地点供被拆迁人选择。
住宅、非住宅原则上实行一次性安置。不能一次性安置的,住宅的过渡期最长不得超过12个月;非住宅,最长不得超过24个月。特殊情况需要延长过渡期的,需经拆迁主管部门批准,住宅的延长期限不得超过6个月,非住宅不得超过1年。
第十八条 拆迁主管部门应当对安置房进行验收,具备正常居住经营和办公条件的,方可作为安置房;验收不合格的房屋,不能作为安置房。
第十九条 拆迁直管公房时,由公房租用人所在单位出具住房情况证明,确属无房的,由拆迁人进行安置,已在单位分得住房的,不再进行安置。
擅自将直管公房住宅改为非住宅使用的房屋,按住宅房屋进行安置。
拆迁私有房产,按产权监理部门所作的产权定性进行安置。
第二十条 用产权调换形式安置的住宅、非住宅,按附表二的规定结算结构差价和收取改善用房补偿金。
住户要求作价补偿的,按附表二的标准执行。
第二十一条 拆除住宅房屋,由城区安置到郊区的,不论安置新房、旧房,每户均在原建筑面积基础上增加8平方米,所增加面积不得收费。
一个产权证中住宅和非住宅并存,不论是住宅和非住宅同时异地安置,或者是住宅异地安置、非住宅就近安置,均只按照给住宅增加8平方米计算,进行安置。
第二十二条 拆迁单位自管房中非本单位的住户,按下列规定办理:
一、愿保持租赁关系的,由产权单位安置,每户可享受增加8平方米异地安置的待遇;
二、在他处已有住房的,不再进行安置,可享受搬家费和公假;
三、住户确实没有住房,而双方又不愿保持租赁使用关系的,如产权单位自愿放弃外单位住户原建筑面积的产权,由拆迁人按勘估价给产权单位补偿,住户由拆迁人按附表二中的公房安置规定进行安置。
第二十三条 拆除政府已予落实私房产权政策而尚未退还私房业主的房屋,在拆迁中应予退还。
原私房业主的安置按私有房产办理;现承租户由拆迁人按附表二中的公房安置规定进行安置,安置后产权属房管部门直管公房。
第二十四条 拆迁人对被拆迁人进行安置后,应当负责为住户办理产权证,并按物价部门规定缴交办证所需税费。

第五章 房改户拆迁
第二十五条 昆明市行政辖区内的党政机关、企事业单位、群众团体及中央、省属和其它驻昆单位,按照昆明市城镇住房制度改革实施方案规定,报经房改部门批准,签订房改售购协议并付过购房款构成产权转移的房屋,均为房改售购房,统称房改户。
第二十六条 拆除拥有全部产权的房改户,按拆除私有产权住房处理。
第二十七条 拆除拥有有限产权的房改户,按下列规定办理:
一、签订协议。拆迁人与房改户签订协议时,由产权共有人协商出代理人与拆迁人签订协议,但委托方需出具委托书。如产权共有人一方不在,拆迁人可申请拆迁主管部门向其下发通知书,逾期不到或未出具委托书的,产权共有人另一方可单独与拆迁人签订协议。
二、作价补偿。产权共有人双方共同放弃产权的,双方应出具书面申请,并按拆除私有房产进行补偿。产权共有人一方——购房人(住户)自动放弃产权的,经本人出具书面申请后,根据原购房面积所占产权比例的售购价格进行补偿。房屋产权的调换安置等问题,由原售房产权单位确
定。产权共有人一方(售房单位)原则上不得单独放弃产权。特殊情况需要放弃的,须由原购房人同意购买产权并报市房改办批准后,方可按当时房改售价进行补偿。放弃产权的补偿费视同单位售房款直接存入银行专户。
三、安置。拆迁房改户的房屋,异地安置增加的8平方米归购房人所有。
安置房屋建筑面积与房改售购房建筑面积相等的,由产权共有人双方按所占的产权比例与拆迁人结算结构差价。结构差价的结算按本办法附表二的规定执行。
安置房屋建筑面积不足房改售购房建筑面积的部分,由拆迁人根据产权共有人双方的产权比例,按本办法附表二的规定分别向产权共有人双方进行补偿。
安置房屋建筑面积超过房改售购房建筑面积的部分,属购房人应享受的住房标准,由产权共有人双方按当年房改售价标准共同分摊补差,属购房人超标准住房的,由购房人按本办法附表二的规定结算差价后,产权归购房人。
第二十八条 拆迁安置房屋的公用部分和维修储备金,按房改有关政策处理。

第六章 处罚
第二十九条 在拆迁活动中有下列行为之一的,由房屋拆迁主管部门予以处罚:
1.拆迁人擅自提高或者降低补偿、安置补助标准的,予以警告,并责令限期改正。逾期不改正的,按其超过或低于补偿、补助标准的总金额两倍处以罚款,但最高不得超过三万元,并可以吊销拆迁单位的《拆迁资格证》。
2.拆迁人巧立名目收费或擅自提高收费标准的,责令限期改正。逾期不改正的,其多收费用必须如数退还被拆迁人,并按收费总额的两倍处以罚款,但最高罚款不得超过三万元。
3.拆迁人拒绝接受检查的,责令停止拆迁,并处以二——三万元罚款,同时视情节轻重予以吊销《拆迁资格证》。
第三十条 违反本办法第七条的,对拆迁单位处以二——三万元的罚款。
第三十一条 违反本办法第四、五条的,除按《细则》第四十六条第一、二款规定处罚外,并对无《拆迁工作证》的单位处以二——三万元的罚款。
第三十二条 拆迁人无正当理由超过规定拆迁期限或者擅自延长过渡期限,未按时安置住户的,除按本办法附表二的规定执行外,由房屋拆迁主管部门对拆迁人予以警告,责令限期安置,可并处二——三万元的罚款。超过六个月未安置住户和年拆迁户上访率超过5%的,拆迁主管部门
可视情节轻重予以吊销拆迁单位的《拆迁资格证》。
第三十三条 对违反本办法第六条规定的拆迁施工队伍,按拆迁施工有关规定进行处罚。
第三十四条 当事人对行政处罚决定不服的,可依法申请行政复议或提起行政诉讼。逾期不申请复议或不起诉,又不履行处罚决定的,由作出处罚决定的机关申请人民法院强制执行。

第七章 附则
第三十五条 本办法未尽事宜均按《条例》和《细则》的规定执行。本办法自公布前已取得《房屋拆迁许可证》的,按以前有关规定执行。
第三十六条 本办法由昆明市房产管理局负责解释。
昆明市各县(市)可根据本办法,结合各自实际情况制定相应规定,并报市房管局备案。
第三十七条 本办法自公布之日起执行。

附表一:

搬家费、过渡费、奖励费、地段差损失补偿费表
--------------------------------------------------
| | 住宅(使用面积) | 非住宅(使用面积) |
| |-----------|-------------------------------|
| | 私房 | 公房 |办公仓库房| 生产房 | 零售点 | 批发点 |批零兼营点|
|----|-----|-----|-------------------------------|
| |一次| | | 2 2 2 |
| | | 200元 | 200元 | 200元/100m ; 400元/200m ; 1000元/200m 以上 |
|搬|安置| | | |
|家|--|-----|-----|-------------------------------|
|费|二次| | | 2 2 2 |
| | | 400元 | 400元 | 400元/100m ; 800元/200m ; 2000元/200m 以上 |
| |安置| | | |
|----|-----|-----|-------------------------------|
| | | | | | 2 | | |
| | | | 2 | 2 |私房60元/m /月| 2 | 2 |
|过渡费 |50元/人/月|50元/人/月|30元/m /月|40元/m /月|-------|40元/m /月|50元/m /月|
| | | | | | 2 | | |
| | | | | |公房40元/m /月| | |
|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-------|-----|-----|
|奖励费 |3000元以内|1500元以内| | | | | |
|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-------|-----|-----|
|地段差 | | | | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| | | | |30元/m |50元/m |50元/m |50元/m |
|补偿费 | | | | | | | |
|----|-------------------------------------------|
| |(1)因拆迁人原因超过安置期限的,从逾期之月起,拆迁人应向被拆迁人增加一倍的过渡费; |
| 备注 |(2)单位自管房按私房标准执行; |
| |(3)以上标准需要变更,由主管部门统一公布。 |
--------------------------------------------------

附表二:

结算结构差价和收取改善用房补偿金及作价补偿表
------------------------------------------------------
| | | | 安置面积与原面 | 安置面积不足原 | 安置面积超原面积的部分 |
| | | | | |-----------------------|
| | |私 | | | 2 | 2 |
| |住| | 积相等的部分 | 面积的部分 | 20m 以内 | 20m 以上的 |
| 用 | | |---------|---------|----------|------------|
| 新 | | | 原地 | 异地 | 原地 | 异地 | 原地 | 异地 | 原地 | 异地 |
| 房 | | |---------|--------------|-----|------------|
| 安 | |房 | | |土建造价 | |
| 置 | | | 重置价 | 商品房价 | | 商品房价 |
| 的 |宅| | | |的70% | |
| | |--|-------------------------------------------|
| | |公 |按《细则》第3条第2款规定办理(各种类别房屋的面积标准按云政发(1997)104号文执|
| | |房 |行)。实际安置面积大于应当安置面积的,按《细则》第41条规定执行。 |
| |-|--|-------------------------------------------|
| |非|原地|按土建造价结算 |商品房价 |商品房价 |
| |住|--|---------|---------|-----------------------|
| |宅|异地|不补差价 |商品房价 |土建造价的70% |
|---|------------------------------------------------|

|用旧房| |
| |按《细则》第31条第3款办理 |
|安置的| |
|---|------------------------------------------------|
| | | | 2 | |
| |住| 私房 | 1300元/m | |
| | |-----|--------------------| |
| |宅| | 2 | |
| | | 公房 | 300元/m | |
| 作 |-|-----|--------------------| |
| | | | | 2 | |
| 价 |非| |一楼: |3000元/m | |
| | | 批 发 |--------|-----------| |
| 补 |住| | | 2 | |
| | | |二楼: |2500元/m | +勘估价 |
| 偿 |宅| 零 售 |--------|-----------| |
| | | | | 2 | |
| |∧| |三楼(含)以上:|2000元/m | |
| |私|-----|--------|-----------| |
| |房| | | 2 | |
| |∨| |一楼: |2500元/m | |
| | | 生产车间|--------|-----------| |
| | | | | 2 | |
| | | |二楼(含)以上:|2000元/m | |
| | |-----|--------------------| |
| | | | 2 | |
| | |办公、仓库| 1300元m | |
|---|------------------------------------------------|
| |(1)无力支付差价的,可作放弃产权处理; |
|备 注|(2)非住宅特殊情况需按住宅安置的,由拆迁双方自行商定,按1∶2的比例计算; |
| |(3)以上面积为建筑面积;单位自管房按私房标准执行。 |
------------------------------------------------------



1997年9月22日

SECURITIES (CLEARING HOUSES) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


SECURITIES (CLEARING HOUSES) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 420)
 CONTENTS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  II    DECLARATION OF CLEARING HOUSES FOR PURPOSES OF THIS
  NANCE AND RULES OF CLEARING HOUSES
  ecognized clearing houses
  ules of recognized clearing houses, etc.
  III   MODIFICATIONS OF THE LAW OF INSOLVENCY TO SAFEGUARD
  ATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF RECOGNIZED CLEARING HOUSES, ETC.
  roceedings of recognized clearing house take precedence over law
of
  lvency
  upplementary provisions as to default proceedings
  uty to report on completion of default proceedings
  et sum payable on completion of default proceedings
  isclaimer of property, rescission of contracts, etc.
  Adjustment of prior transactions
  Right of relevant office-holder to recover certain amounts
arising
  certain transactions
  Application of market collateral not affected by certain other
  rests, etc.
  Enforcement of judgments over property subject to market charge,
etc.
  Law of insolvency in other jurisdictions
  IV    MISCELLANEOUS
  Participant to be party to certain transactions as principal
  Securities deposited with recognized clearing house
  Immunity, etc.
  Preservation of rights, etc.
  Amendment of Schedules 1 and 2
  (Omitted as spent)
  Transitional
  dule 1 Property which may be subject to a market charge or provided
as
  et collateral
  dule 2 Requirements for default rules of recognized clearing 
houses
  dule 3 (Omitted as spent)
 Whole document:
  
  rdinance to empower the Commission to declare clearing houses 
to be
  gnized clearing houses for the purposes of this Ordinance, to 
provide
  the approval by the Commission of the rules of recognized 
clearing
  es, to make provision for safeguarding the operations and 
procedures
  ecognized clearing houses, and to provide for matters 
incidental
  eto or connected therewith.
  ctober 1992] L. N. 324 of 1992
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  This Ordinance may be cited as the Securities (Clearing 
Houses)
  nance.
  (Omitted as spent)
  nterpretation
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  rge" means any form of security, including a mortgage;
  aring house" means a person--
  whose activities or objects include the provision of services for 
the
  ring and settlement of transactions in securities effected 
on, or
  ect to the rules of, the Unified Exchange; or
  who guarantees the settlement of any such transactions;
  mission" means the Securities and Futures Commission 
established by
  ion 3 of the Securities and Futures Commission Ordinance (Cap.
24);
  stitution", in relation to a clearing house, means the memorandum 
and
  cles of association of the clearing house;
  ault proceedings" means any proceedings or other action taken 
by a
  gnized clearing house under its default rules;
  ault rules", in relation to a recognized clearing house, means
such of
  rules of the clearing house which it is required to have by virtue 
of
  ion 4 (2);
  aulter" means a participant who is the subject of any 
default
  eedings; "functions" includes duties and powers;
  ket charge" means a charge, whether fixed or floating, 
granted in
  ur of a recognized clearing house--
  over any property specified in Schedule 1 which is held 
by or
  sited with the clearing house; and
  for the purpose of securing liabilities arising directly in
connection
  the clearing house's ensuring the settlement of one or more 
market
  racts; "market collateral" means any property specified in
Schedule 1
  h is held by or deposited with a recognized clearing house for 
the
  ose of securing liabilities arising directly in connection 
with the
  ring house's ensuring the settlement of one or more market
contracts;
  ket contract" means a contract subject to the rules of a 
recognized
  ring house entered into by the clearing house with a 
participant
  uant to a novation which is both in accordance with those rules 
and
  the purposes of the clearing and settlement of 
transactions in
  rities effected on, or subject to the rules of, the Unified
Exchange;
  icer" means an officer within the meaning of section 2 
of the
  anies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  ticipant" means a person who, in accordance with the rules 
of a
  gnized clearing house, may participate in one or more of the 
services
  ided by the clearing house in its capacity as a clearing house;
  formance", in relation to a function, includes discharge and
exercise;
  ognized clearing house" means a clearing house declared under 
section
  ) to be a recognized clearing house for the purposes 
of this
  nance;
  
  evant office-holder" means--
  the Official Receiver appointed under section 75 of the 
Bankruptcy
  nance (Cap. 6);
  any person acting in relation to a company as its 
liquidator,
  isional liquidator, receiver or manager;
  any person acting in relation to an individual as his 
trustee in
  ruptcy or interim receiver of his property; or
  any person appointed pursuant to an order for the 
administration in
  ruptcy of an insolvent estate of a deceased person;
  es", in relation to a clearing house--
  means the constitution, rules, regulations or directions, by 
whatever
  called, governing the membership, management, 
operations  and
  edures of the clearing house; and
  without restricting the generality of paragraph (a), includes 
rules,
  lations or directions relating to--
  the provision of clearing and settlement services, and the 
suspension
  ithdrawal of such services;
  the provision of services other than the services referred 
to in
  aragraph (i);
  ) the persons who may participate in one or more of the 
services
  rred to in subparagraphs (i) and (ii); and
  setting and levying fees and charges;
  urities" means securities within the meaning of section 2 
of the
  rities Ordinance (Cap. 333);
  tlement", in relation to a market contract,  includes 
partial
  lement; "Unified Exchange" means the Unified Exchange 
established
  r section 27 of the Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap.
361).
  Where--
  a charge is granted partly for the purpose specified in the
definition
  market charge" and partly for other purposes, the charge is in 
this
  nance a market charge in so far as it has effect for that 
specified
  ose;
  collateral is provided partly for the purpose specified 
in the
  nition of "market collateral" and partly for other 
purposes, the
  ateral is in this Ordinance market collateral in so far as it has
been
  ided for that specified purpose.
  References in this Ordinance to the law of insolvency 
include
  rences to every provision made by or under--
  the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6);
  the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32); and
  any other enactment which is concerned with or in any way related 
to
  insolvency of a person.
  References in this Ordinance to settlement in relation to a 
market
  ract are to the discharge of the rights and liabilities of the
parties
  he contract, whether by performance, compromise or otherwise.
 PART II DECLARATION OF CLEARING HOUSES FOR PURPOSES OF THIS ORDI- 
NANCE AND RULES OF CLEARING HOUSES
  
  ecognized clearing houses
  Where the Commission is satisfied that it is appropriate to do 
so in
  interest of the investing public or in the public interest, or
for the
  er regulation of services for the clearing and 
settlement  of
  sactions in securities, it may, with the consent in writing 
of the
  ncial Secretary, by notice in the Gazette, declare a clearing
house to
  recognized clearing house for the purposes of this Ordinance.
  Where the Commission makes a declaration under subsection 
(1) in
  ect of a clearing house--
  it shall give notice thereof in writing to the clearing house;
and
  the rules of the clearing house in operation immediately 
before the
  aration shall continue to have effect unless otherwise 
specified, or
  l such time as is specified, in the notice referred to in paragraph
  
  ules of recognized clearing houses, etc.
  Subject to section 3 (2) (b) and subsection (4), no rules 
of a
  gnized clearing house (including any default rules of the 
clearing
  e) or any amendment thereto shall have effect unless 
approved in
  ing by the Commission.
  A recognized clearing house shall have rules which provide 
for the
  ng of proceedings or other action in the event of a 
participant
  aring to be unable, or likely to become unable, to 
meet his
  gations in respect of all unsettled market contracts to which he
is a
  y, and such rules shall comply with the requirements of Schedule
2.
  Where a recognized clearing house takes any default proceedings, 
all
  equent proceedings or other action taken under its rules 
for the
  oses of the settlement of market contracts of which the 
defaulter
  erned is a party shall be treated as done under the default rules 
of
  clearing house notwithstanding that, but for this subsection, 
such
  equent proceedings or other action would not be treated as done 
under
  default rules of the clearing house.
  The Commission may, by notice in the Gazette, declare any 
class of
  s of a recognized clearing house (except any default rules 
of the
  ring house) to be a class of rules which are not required 
to be
  oved under subsection (1) and, accordingly, any rules of that
clearing
  e which belong to that class (including any amendment thereto) 
shall
  effect notwithstanding that they have not been so approved.
  Without prejudice to the operation of subsection (4), a 
recognized
  ring house shall submit or cause to be submitted to the 
Commission,
  the information of the Commission, any of its rules 
(including any
  dment thereto )--
  which belong to a class of rules the subject of a declaration 
under
  ection (4); and
  as soon as practicable after those rules (or amendment thereto,
as the
  may be) are made.
  A recognized clearing house shall submit or cause to be 
submitted to
  Commission for its approval the rules of the clearing house and 
every
  dment thereto except any rules (including any amendment thereto)
which
  ng to a class of rules the subject of a declaration under
subsection
  
  
  Subject to subsections (8) and (9), the Commission shall, 
within 6
  s after the receipt of any submission under subsection (6) 
from a
  gnized clearing house, give notice in writing to the clearing 
house
  
  its approval of; or
  its refusal to approve,
  rules or amendment of the rules, as the case may be, or any 
part
  eof, the subject of the submission.
  The Commission may, in a particular case, with the agreement of 
the
  gnized clearing house concerned, extend the time 
prescribed in
  ection (7).
  The Financial Secretary may, on the advice of the 
Commission and
  er generally or in a particular case, extend the time 
prescribed in
  ection (7).
  The Commission may request in writing a recognized clearing
house--
  to make rules--
  specified in the request; and
  within the period specified in the request; or
  to amend rules--
  referred to in the request;
  in the manner specified in the request; and
  ) within the period specified in the request.
  Where the Commission is satisfied that a recognized clearing 
house
  not complied with a request referred to in subsection (10) within 
the
  od specified in the request, the Commission may direct in writing 
the
  ring house to comply with the request within such further period
as is
  ified in the direction and, accordingly, the clearing house 
shall
  ly with that request within that further period.
  For the purposes of subsection (10), "rules", in relation 
to a
  gnized clearing house, do not include the constitution of the
clearing
  e.
 PART III MODIFICATIONS OF THE LAW OF INSOLVENCY TO SAFEGUARD OPE- 
RATIONS AND PROCEDURES OF RECOGNIZED CLEARING HOUSES, ETC.
  
  roceedings of recognized clearing house take precedence over 
law of
  lvency
  None of the following shall be regarded as to any extent 
invalid at
  on the ground of inconsistency with the law relating 
to the
  ribution of the assets of a person on insolvency, 
bankruptcy or
  ing-up, or on the appointment of a receiver over any of the assets 
of
  rson--
  a market contract;
  the rules of a recognized clearing house relating to the
settlement of
  rket contract;
  any proceedings or other action taken under the rules of a 
recognized
  ring house relating to the settlement of a market contract;
  a market charge;
  the default rules of a recognized clearing house; or
  any default proceedings.
  Subject to subsection (3), the powers of a relevant office-
holder in
  capacity as such, and the powers of a court under the 
law of
  lvency, shall not be exercised in such a way as to 
prevent or
  rfere with--
  the settlement in accordance with the rules of a recognized 
clearing
  e of a market contract; or
  any default proceedings.
  Subsection (2) shall not operate to prevent a relevant 
office-holder
  seeking to recover any amount under section 11 after the 
completion
  matter referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) of that subsection.
  
  upplementary provisions as to default proceedings
  A court may on an application by a relevant office-holder make 
such
  r as it thinks fit altering or releasing him from compliance with
such
  he functions of his office as are affected by the fact that 
default
  eedings are pending or could be taken, or have been or could have
been
  n and, accordingly, such functions of the relevant officeholder 
shall
  onstrued subject to such order.
  Nothing in--
  section 12, 14 or 20 of the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6); or
  section 166, 181, 183, 186 or 254 of the Companies Ordinance 
(Cap.
  shall prevent or interfere with any default proceedings.
  uty to report on completion of default proceedings
  A recognized clearing house shall, upon the completion by it of 
any
  ult proceedings, make a report on such proceedings stating in 
respect
  ach defaulter--
  the net sum, if any, certified by the clearing house to be payable 
by
  o the defaulter; or
  the fact that no sum is so payable,
  he case may be, and the clearing house may include in that report
such
  r particulars in respect of such proceedings as it thinks fit.
  A recognized clearing house which has made a report 
pursuant to
  ection (1) shall supply the report to--
  the Commission;
  any relevant office-holder acting in relation to--
  the defaulter to whom the report relates; or
  that defaulter's estate;
  if there is no relevant office-holder referred to in paragraph 
(b),
  defaulter to whom the report relates.
  Where the Commission receives pursuant to subsection (2) a report
made
  uant to subsection (1), it may publish notice of that fact in 
such
  er as it thinks appropriate to bring it to the attention of 
creditors
  he defaulter to whom the report relates.
  Where a relevant office-holder or defaulter receives 
pursuant to
  ection (2) a report made pursuant to subsection (1), he shall,
at the
  est of a creditor of the defaulter to whom the report relates--
  make the report available for inspection by the creditor;
  on payment of such reasonable fee as the relevant office-
holder or
  ulter, as the case may be, determines, supply to the creditor all 
or
  part of that report.
  In subsections (2), (3) and (4), "report" includes a copy of a
report.
  
  et sum payable on completion of default proceedings
  The provisions of this section shall apply with respect to any
net sum
  ified under section 7 (1) (a) by a recognized clearing house, upon
the
  letion by it of any default proceedings, to be payable by or 
to a
  ulter.
  Where a receiving or winding-up order has been made, or a 
resolution
  voluntary winding-up has been  passed,  any  net  sum 
shall,
  ithstanding any of the provisions of section 34 or 35 
of the
  ruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6) or section 264 of the Companies
Ordinance
  . 32), be--
  provable in the bankruptcy or winding-up or, as the case 
may be,
  ble to the relevant office-holder; and
  taken into account, where appropriate, under section 35 
of the
  ruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6) or that section as applied in the case
of a
  ing-up order under the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32).
  isclaimer of property, rescission of contracts, etc.
  Neither section 59 of the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6) nor 
section
  of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) shall apply in relation to--
  a market contract;
  a contract effected by a recognized clearing house for the purpose 
of
  izing property provided as market collateral;
  a market charge; or
  any default proceedings.
  Neither section 42 of the Bankruptcy Ordinance (Cap. 6) nor 
section
  of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32) shall apply in relation to 
any
  matter or thing which has been done pursuant to--
  a market contract;
  a disposition of property pursuant to a market contract;
  the provision of market collateral;
  a contract effected by a recognized clearing house for the purpose 
of
  izing property provided as market collateral, or any 
disposition of
  erty pursuant to such a contract;
  a disposition of property in accordance with the rules of a
recognized
  ring house as to the application of property provided as 
market
  ateral;

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