关于印发《政策性银行金融债券市场发行管理暂行规定》的通知

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关于印发《政策性银行金融债券市场发行管理暂行规定》的通知

中国人民银行


关于印发《政策性银行金融债券市场发行管理暂行规定》的通知

银发[1998]576号

国家开发银行、中国农业发展银行、中国进出口银行,中国工商银行、中国农业银行、中国银行、中国建设银行、交通银行、中信实业银行、中国光大银行、华夏银行、中国民生银行,中保财产保险有限责任公司、中保人寿保险有限责任公司、中保再保险有限责任公司、中国太平洋保险公司、中国平安保险公司、华泰财产保险股份有限公司,中国人民银行上海分行,中国人民银行各省、自治区、直辖市分行,深圳经济特区分行:

  为了规范政策性银行市场发行金融债券的行为,保证金融债券市场发行工作的顺利进行,维护债券发行各方的权益,我行制定了《政策性银行金融债券市场发行管理暂行规定》,现印发给你们,请遵照执行。

中国人民银行

一九九八年十一月二十八日




政策性银行金融债券市场发行管理暂行规定


第一章 总 则
第一条 为了规范政策性银行金融债券市场发行行为,保证市场发行的公正、公开、公平,根据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》及国家有关法律、法规,特制定本规定。
第二条 本规定所称政策性银行金融债券(以下简称“金融债券”)市场发行,是指政策性银行通过市场公开发行金融债券的行为。
第三条 金融债券发行人是国家政策性银行。
第四条 金融债券的发行对象是经中国人民银行批准的金融机构和其他认购人。
第五条 中央国债登记结算有限责任公司(以下简称“中央结算公司”)是金融债券的托管人,负责金融债券发行的登记、托管和结算。
第六条 金融债券的交易必须通过全国银行间拆借市场进行。
第七条 中国人民银行是金融债券市场发行的管理机关。

第二章 发行的审批
第八条 发行人发行金融债券必须将发行数量、期限、方式、发行日期及其他有关事项报中国人民银行批准。
第九条 发行人采取承购包销招标发行时,承销商资格由中国人民银行认定。发行人确定承销团名单,并报中国人民银行备案。承销商退出承销团,应提前通知发行人,并由发行人报中国人民银行备案。
第十条 发行人采取其他方式发行时,管理办法由中国人民银行另行规定。
第十一条 金融债券市场发行的利率或收益率由供求双方自行确定。
第十二条 招标应在中国人民银行的监督下进行。

第三章 发行与信息披露
第十三条 发行人应在每年的首期发行前公布发债说明书。发债说明书应载明以下内容:发行人基本情况;发行人最近三年的主要财务状况,其中应包含债券信用情况及偿债记录等与偿还本息有关的情况;金融债券市场发行的年度计划。
发行人应随时公布与偿还债券本息有关的重大经营及财务事件。
第十四条 发行人采取承购包销招标发行时,应组成承销团。
第十五条 承销商根据自主、自愿原则参加或退出承销团。承销商参加承销团,应与发行人根据本规定签订《政策性银行金融债券承销主协议》,规定双方的权利、义务。发行人应将《政策性银行金融债券承销主协议》报中国人民银行备案。
第十六条 每次招标时,发行人应披露以下信息:
(一)提前三个工作日向社会公布发债公告。发债公告应载明招标日、本次发债的数量、期限、付息方式、起息日、兑付日及发行对象(含分销范围)。
(二)提前三个工作日向承销商发布发行招标办法。招标办法除载明上述要素外,还需说明本次招标方式、招标时间、缴款日及发行手续费标准等具体事项。
(三)招标开始时向承销商发出招标书。
第十七条 承销商在投标时,不得相互联手操纵市场。
第十八条 招标结束后,发行人应于当天向承销商发布中标确认书,并于次日向社会发布发行公告,公布中标利率和各承销商的承销额。
第十九条 承销商通过招标确定承购数额后,在中国人民银行规定的范围内可进行分销。
第二十条 每次发行的发行期由发行人根据本次发行的数量、分销范围确定。发行期最长不得超过三十个工作日。
发行期满后,尚未分销的金融债券由承销商持有。
第二十一条 承销商应按不超过发行公告中公布的发行价格进行分销。
第二十二条 承销商不得以卖空方式进行分销。
第二十三条 招标结束后,发行人要在五个工作日内向中国人民银行报告发行情况。
第二十四条 发行期结束后,经中国人民银行批准,金融债券在全国银行间同业拆借市场上市流通。
第二十五条 发行人应保证所披露信息的真实性、准确性和完整性。

第四章 登记与托管
第二十六条 招标结束后,中央结算公司应根据发行人签章的中标确认书清单,为承销商办理承销登记手续,并通知各有关承销商。
第二十七条 发行人在发行缴款期内收到发债款项后,要在二个工作日内向中央结算公司提供到款确认。
第二十八条 中央结算公司根据发行人提供的到款确认,在一个工作日内办理金融债券托管手续,并通知认购人。
第二十九条 承销商分销金融债券后,统一按照中央结算公司制订的有关规则办理过户手续。
第三十条 根据中国人民银行的有关规定,中央结算公司负责制定金融债券登记、托管的操作规程,并报中国人民银行备案。

第五章 发行缴款与还本付息
第三十一条 招标结束后,承销商必须在发债公告要求的缴款期内将认购金融债券的款项全额划入发行人指定的银行账户。
第三十二条 发行人应根据招标办法中确定的标准按时向承销商支付金融债券发行手续费。
第三十三条 发行人必须按发债公告中确定的付息方式按时、足额向持有人支付利息。
第三十四条 金融债券到期后,发行人必须按时、足额向持有人兑付金融债券本金,不得单方面提前或推迟兑付。

第六章 罚 则
第三十五条 发行人有下列行为之一的,中国人民银行有权根据不同情况,单处或并处以警告、罚款等,并追究有关责任人的责任:
(一)不按中国人民银行批准的发行数量、期限、发行方式、发行日期发行的;
(二)不按本规定披露信息,或提供的信息不真实、不准确的;
(三)超越中国人民银行规定的发行范围发行金融债券的;
(四)不按规定还本付息、支付手续费的;
(五)违反本规定的其他行为。
第三十六条 承销商有下列行为之一的,中国人民银行有权根据不同情况,单处或并处以警告、罚款、宣布本次投标结果无效、取消承销商资格:
(一)相互联手操纵市场的;
(二)中标后不按承销数额和规定时间划款的;
(三)超越中国人民银行规定的范围和卖空分销的;
(四)违反本规定的其他行为。
第三十七条 中央结算公司不按照本规定办理债券登记、托管的,按中国人民银行的有关规定进行处罚。
第三十八条 全国银行间同业拆借中心未按本规定组织金融债券上市交易的,按中国人民银行有关规定处罚。

第七章 附 则
第三十九条 本规定由中国人民银行负责解释。
第四十条 本规定自发布之日起施行。


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中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则(附英文)

海关总署


中华人民共和国海关法行政处罚实施细则(附英文)
海关总署


(1987年6月30日国务院批准)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了实施《中华人民共和国海关法》(以下简称《海关法》)关于法律责任的规定,根据《海关法》第六十条制定本实施细则。
第二条 不构成走私罪的走私行为,构成走私罪但依法免予起诉或者免除刑罚的行为,以及违反海关监管规定的行为的处理,适用本实施细则。

第二章 走私行为及处罚
第三条 有下列行为之一的,是走私行为:
(一)未经国务院或者国务院授权的机关批准,从未设立海关的地点运输、携带国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品进出境的;
(二)经过设立海关的地点,以藏匿、伪装、瞒报、伪报或者其他手法逃避海关监管,运输、携带、邮寄国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品进出境的;
(三)未经海关许可并补缴关税,擅自出售特准进口的保税货物、其他海关监管货物或者进境的境外运输工具的;
(四)未经海关许可并补缴关税,擅自出售特定减税或者免税进口用于特定企业、特定用途的货物,或者将特定减免税进口用于特定地区的货物擅自运往境内其他地区的。
第四条 有下列行为之一的,按走私行为论处:
(一)直接向走私人非法收购走私进口的货物、物品的;
(二)在内海、领海运输、收购、贩卖国家禁止进出境的物品的,或者运输、收购、贩卖国家限制进出口的货物、物品,没有合法证明的。
第五条 有本实施细则第三条、第四条所列行为之一的,按照下列规定处罚:
(一)走私国家禁止进出境的物品的,没收走私物品和违法所得,可以并处人民币五万元以下的罚款;
(二)走私国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品的,没收走私货物、物品和违法所得,可以并处走私货物、物品等值以下或者应缴税款三倍以下的罚款;
(三)专门用于掩护走私的货物、物品,应当没收;藏匿走私货物、物品的特制设备,应当没收或者责令拆毁。
走私货物、物品无法没收时,应当追缴走私货物、物品的等值价款。
第六条 对两人或者两人以上共同所为的走私行为,应当区别情节及责任,分别给予处罚。
知情不报并为走私人提供方便的,没收违法所得,可以并处违法所得两倍以下的罚款;没有违法所得的,处人民币五千元以下的罚款。
第七条 为走私准备工具、制造条件的,比照本实施细则第五条的规定从轻处罚。
第八条 有下列情形之一的,可以从轻或者免予处罚:
(一)走私情节轻微的;
(二)当事人主动交待、检举立功的;
(三)走私行为在三年以后发现的。
前款第(三)项规定的期限,从走私行为发生之日起计算;走私行为是连续状态的,从最后一次走私行为发生之日起计算。

第三章 违反海关监管规定的行为及处罚
第九条 违反海关法规但不构成走私行为的,是违反海关监管规定的行为。
第十条 违反国家进出口管理法规,没有领取许可证件擅自进出口货物的,没收货物或者责令退运;经发证机关核准补发许可证件的,处货物等值以下的罚款。
第十一条 有下列行为之一的,处货物、物品等值以下或者应缴税款两倍以下的罚款:
(一)逃避海关监管,运输、携带、邮寄货物、物品进出境,但有关货物、物品不属于国家禁止进出境的物品、国家限制进出口或者依法应当缴纳关税的货物、物品的;
(二)未经海关许可,擅自开拆、提取、交付、发运、调换、改装、抵押、转让海关监管货物或者海关尚未放行的进出境物品的;
(三)经营保税货物的运输、储存、加工、装配、寄售业务,有关记录不真实或者数量短少不能提供正当理由的;
(四)未经海关许可,将特定减税或者免税进口的货物、物品移作他用的;
(五)进出境货物申报不实的;
(六)不按照规定期限将暂时进出口货物复运出境或者复运进境,擅自留在境内或者境外的;
(七)不按照规定期限将过境、转运、通运货物运输出境,擅自留在境内的;
(八)未经海关批准并补缴关税,擅自转让进出境运输工具的自用物料、物品的。
第十二条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币五万元以下的罚款:
(一)未经国务院或者国务院授权的机关批准,运输工具不经设立海关的地点进出境的;
(二)在海关监管区停留的进出境运输工具,未经海关同意擅自驶离的;
(三)进出境运输工具从一个设立海关的地点驶往另一个设立海关的地点,尚未办结海关手续又未经海关批准,中途改驶境外或者境内未设立海关的地点的。
第十三条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币三万元以下的罚款:
(一)进出境运输工具到达或者驶离设立海关的地点,未按照规定向海关交验有关单证或者交验的单证不真实的;
(二)不按照规定接受海关对进出境运输工具、货物、物品进行检查、查验的;
(三)进出境运输工具未经海关同意,擅自装卸进出境货物、物品或者上下进出境旅客的;
(四)进出境运输工具未经海关同意,擅自兼营境内客货运输或者用于进出境运输以外的其他用途的;
(五)进出境运输工具未按照规定办理海关手续,擅自改营境内运输的;
(六)经营保税货物的储存、加工、装配、寄售业务,不按照规定办理收存、交付、核销手续,或者中止、延长、转让有关合同不按照规定向海关办理手续的;
(七)在海关监管区以外存放海关监管货物,未经海关同意或者不接受海关监管的;
(八)擅自开启或者损毁海关加施于运输工具、仓库场所或者货物的封志的。
第十四条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币两万元以下的罚款:
(一)进境运输工具在进境以后向海关申报以前,出境运输工具在办结海关手续以后出境以前,不按照交通主管机关或者海关指定的路线行进的;
(二)载运海关监管货物的进出境船舶、汽车不按照海关指定的路线行进的;
(三)进出境船舶和航空器,由于不可抗力被迫在未设立海关的地点停泊、降落,以及抛掷或者起卸货物、物品,不向附近海关报告而无正当理由的。
第十五条 有下列行为之一的,责令补税或者将有关物品退运,可以并处物品等值以下的罚款:
(一)个人携带、邮寄超过海关规定数量但数额较小仍属自用的物品进出境,未向海关申报的;
(二)个人携带、邮寄物品进出境,向海关申报不实,或者不接受海关查验的;
(三)经海关登记准予暂时免税进境或者出境的物品,未按规定复带出境或者复带进境的;
(四)未经海关批准,过境人员将其所带物品留在境内的。
第十六条 有下列行为之一的,处人民币一千元以下的罚款:
(一)无特殊原因,未将进出境船舶、火车、航空器到达的时间、停留的地点或者更换的时间、地点事先通知海关的;
(二)擅自开启、损毁海关加施于物品的封志的;
(三)违反海关法规,致使海关不能或者中断对进出境运输工具、货物、物品实施监管的。
第十七条 携带、邮寄国家禁止进出境的物品进出境,在海关检查以前主动报明的,分别按规定予以没收或者责令退回,并可酌情处以罚款。
第十八条 违反海关监管规定情节轻微,或者当事人主动交待的,可以从轻或者免予处罚。
违反海关监管规定的行为在三年以后发现的,免予处罚。

第四章 走私行为及违反海关监管规定行为的处理
第十九条 走私行为、违反海关监管规定行为的处理,由海关关长决定。
第二十条 海关扣留货物、物品或者运输工具,应当发给扣留凭单。
扣留凭单的格式,由海关总署统一制定。
第二十一条 对于无法或者不便扣留的货物、物品或者运输工具,海关可以向当事人或者运输工具负责人收取等值的保证金或者抵押物。
第二十二条 依法扣留的货物、物品和运输工具,在人民法院判决或者海关处罚决定生效之前,不得处理。但是对于鲜活、易腐或者易失效的货物、物品,可以先行变卖,价款由海关保存,并通知其所有人。
第二十三条 经海关查明,确属来源于走私行为非法取得的存款、汇款,海关可以书面通知银行或者邮局暂停支付,同时通知存款人或者汇款人。暂停支付的期限不得超过三个月。海关作出的处罚决定生效后,有关款项由海关依照《海关法》和本实施细则的规定处理。
第二十四条 企业事业单位、国家机关、社会团体违反海关法规,除处罚该单位外,海关还可以对其主管人员和直接责任人员分别处以人民币一千元以下的罚款。
第二十五条 企业事业单位、国家机关、社会团体违反《海关法》,海关可以视情节暂时停止给予特定减免税优惠,暂时取消其报关资格,或者吊销有关当事人的报关员证书。
第二十六条 对于走私行为、违反海关监管规定行为的处罚,海关应当向当事人送达处罚通知书。
当事人对海关的处罚决定不服的,可以自处罚通知书送达之日起三十日内,向作出处罚决定的海关或者上一级海关书面申请复议;有关海关应当在收到复议申请书后的九十日内作出复议决定,并制发复议决定书送达当事人。当事人对复议决定仍然不服的,可以自复议决定书送达之日起
三十日内,向人民法院起诉。
当事人也可以自处罚通知书送达之日起三十日内,直接向人民法院起诉。当事人选择直接向人民法院起诉的,不得向海关申请复议。
海关处罚通知书和复议决定书的格式,由海关总署统一制定。
第二十七条 海关送达处罚通知书和复议决定书,可以直接送交当事人签收;也可以邮寄送达,以挂号回执上注明的收件日期为送达日期。无法送达的应当公告;公告即视为送达。
第二十八条 当事人在规定期限内未提出复议申请或者起诉的,处罚即为生效。
罚款、违法所得和依法追缴的走私货物、物品或者运输工具的等值价款,应当在海关处罚决定指定的期限内缴清。
第二十九条 受海关处罚的当事人在境内没有永久住所的,应当在离境前缴清罚款、违法所得和依法追缴的货物、物品或者运输工具的等值价款。当事人对海关的处罚决定不服或者在离境前不能缴清上述款项的,应当交付相当于上述款项的保证金、抵押物,或者提供海关认可的其他保
证。
当事人如期履行海关的处罚决定后,海关应当及时发还其交付的保证金、抵押物,其他保证立即终止。
第三十条 当事人逾期不履行海关的处罚决定又不申请复议或者起诉的,作出处罚决定的海关可以将其保证金没收,或者将其被扣留、抵押的货物、物品、运输工具变价抵缴,也可以申请人民法院强制执行。
第三十一条 依照本实施细则处以罚款但不没收进出境货物、物品、运输工具的,不免除当事人依法缴纳关税、办理有关海关手续的义务。

第五章 附 则
第三十二条 海关工作人员滥用职权、故意刁难、拖延监管、查验的,依照国务院关于国家机关工作人员奖惩规定给予行政处分;徇私舞弊、玩忽职守或者放纵走私的,根据情节轻重,依照国务院关于国家机关工作人员奖惩规定给予行政处分或者依照法律规定追究刑事责任。
第三十三条 本实施细则下列用语的含义是:
“物品”,包括货币、金银、有价证券等在内。
“等值”,均以当时当地国营市场零售价格为准;上述价格不能确定时,由海关估定。

“以下”、“以内”,均包括本数在内。
第三十四条 国家限制进出口货物的品名,由国务院主管部门公布。
国家禁止进出境物品的品名由海关总署根据《海关法》和其他有关法律、法规,会同国务院有关主管部门确定,由海关总署公布。
国家限制进出境物品的品名,由海关总署公布。
第三十五条 本实施细则由海关总署负责解释。
第三十六条 本实施细则自1987年7月1日起施行。


  The Rules of Administrative Penalties for the Implementation ofthe Customs Law of the Peoples Republic of China(Promulgated by the Customs General Administration on July 1,1987)Whole Doc.

  Chapter I General Provisions

  Article 1

  Pursuant to Article 60 of the Customs Law the Rules are formulated with a view to implementing the provisions on legal liabilities of the Custom Law of the Peoples Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Customs Law).

  Article 2

  The Rules shall be applicable to the smuggling act which does not constitute smuggling crime, to the act of smuggling crime exempted from prosecution and criminal penalties and to handling of acts in violation of the Customs supervision and control.

  Chapter II Act of Smuggling and Punishment

  Article 3

  Any of the following acts constitutes an act of smuggling:

  (1) To transport, carry articles prohibited by the State into or out of the Chinese territory at places without Customs, goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export and goods and articles subject to the Customs duty in accordance with the law without the prior approval by the State Council or the Authority empowered by the State Council.

  (2) To transport, carry or mail at places with Customs imports and exports prohibited, imports and exports restricted and dutiable goods and articles specified by the State into and out of the territory for the purpose of escaping from the Customs supervision and control by means of concealing, falsifying, deceiving, forging or other means.

  (3) To sell bonded goods imported under special permission and other goods under the Customs supervision and control or foreign means of transport already within the territory without permission by the Customs and payment of the Customs duty.

  (4) To sell duty-reduced or duty-exempted goods imported under special permission for specific enterprise and specific use, or to transfer the duty-reduced or duty-exempted goods imported under special permission for a specific area to other areas within the territory without permission by the Customs and payment of the Custom duty.

  Article 4

  Any of the following acts shall be delt with as smuggling:

  (1) To illegally purchase the imported smuggled goods and articles directly from the smuggler.

  (2) To transport, purchase and sell articles prohibited by the State into or out of the territory, or transport, purchase or sell goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export without lawful certificates at Chinas inland territorial waters and territorial waters.

  Article 5

  Punishment shall be made in accordance with the following provisions in the case of any of the acts listed in Article 3 and Article 4 of the Rules:

  (1) Articles which are prohibited into and out of the territory by the State shall be confiscated as well as the illegal incomes and a penalty of less than RMB 50,000 may be imposed in addition in the case of smuggling of such articles.

  (2) The smuggled goods and articles restricted by the State in import and export or goods and articles subjected to the Customs duty under the law and illegal incomes shall be confiscated and a penalty of less than the value of the smuggled goods and articles or less than three times of the Customs duty payable may be in addition imposed.

  (3) Goods and articles used for the purpose to cover up smuggled goods and articles shall be confiscated, and specially designed instruments for concealing smuggled goods and articles shall be confiscated or dismantled by order.

  In case the smuggled goods and articles are beyond the possibility of confiscation, a sum of money equal to the value of smuggled goods and articles shall be collected.

  Article 6

  Smuggling acts committed jointly by two or more persons shall be subject to the approach that the two persons are punished separately according to the seriousness and responsibility of each case.

  Those who conceal what they know of the case and facilitate smugglers shall be punished by confiscating illegal incomes. In the absence of illegal incomes, a penalty of less than RMB 5,000 shall be imposed.

  Article 7

  Those preparing tools and creating conditions for smuggling shall be in lenient manner subject to punishment provided in Article 5 of the Rules.

  Article 8

  Any of the following acts shall be put to punishment in lenient manner or exemption from punishment:

  (1) Slight smuggling;

  (2) The party concerned has confessed its illegal act on his own initiative and informed against offenders and make contributions;

  (3) The smuggling act is discovered three years later;

  The duration provided in above(3) shall be calculated as from the day when the smuggling act is committed. In case the act is successive, the duration shall be calculated as from the day when the last smuggling act is committed.

  Chapter III Punishment and Acts in Violation of the Provisions Regarding the Customs Supervision and Control

  Article 9

  Acts in violation of the Customs law and regulations which do not constitute smuggling are acts in violation of the Provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control.

  Article 10

  Goods imported or exported without any licence and in violation of laws and regulations in relation to the import and export administration shall be confiscated or transported back by order. In the event that the license is issued afterwards which the examination by the license administration authorities, a penalty of less than the value of the goods shall be imposed.

  Article 11

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than the value of the goods and articles or less than two times of the Customs duty payable:

  (1) To evade the Customs supervision and control and to transport, carry or mail into or out of the territory the goods and articles which do not belong to articles prohibited into or out of the territory or goods and articles restricted in import and export or those goods and articles subject to the Customs duty under the Customs Law.

  (2) To open, pick up, deliver, forward, replace, repackage, mortgage or transfer the goods under the Customs supervision and control or the articles which have not been released into and out of the territory by the Customs without the prior approval by the Customs.

  (3) In handling the transport, storage, processing, assembling and consigning of the bonded goods, failing to provide authentic records or appropriate reasons for the short in quantity.

  (4) To shift the specific imported goods with duty reduction or exemption for other uses without the prior approval by the Customs.

  (5) To intentionally misdeclare the goods when entering or leaving the territory.

  (6) To fail to re-import or re-export the goods which are temporarily exported or imported within the stipulated period of time and instead to acquire the goods inside or outside the territory without permission.

  (7) To fail to transport the transit goods, transshipment goods or through goods out of the territory within the stipulated period of time and instead to acquire the goods presumptuously inside the territory without permission.

  (8) To transfer presumptuously the self-use materials and articles for inward and outward means of transport without the prior approval by the Customs and payment of the Customs duty.

  Article 12

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 50,000:

  (1) The means of transport fail to enter or leave the territory at places with the Customs and without the prior approval by the State Council or approval by the Authorities empowered by the State Council.

  (2) The inward and outward means of transport in the "Customs Surveillance Zone" leaves without the prior permission by the Customs.

  (3) The inward and outward means of transport which goes from one place with Customs to another place with Customs divert halfway to places inside or outside the territory without Customs before the completion of Customs procedures and without the prior approval by the Customs.

  Article 13

  Any of the following acts imposed a penalty of less than RMB 30,000:

  (1) Failure to provide the relevant documents to the Customs for examination in accordance with provisions or the documents provided for examination are not authentic when the inward and outward means of transport arrive at or leave the place with the Customs;

  (2) To refuse to accept the inspection and examination by the Customs in accordance with the provisions over the inward and outward means of transport and the goods and articles;

  (3) The inward and outward means of transport load or unload presumptuously the imported and exported goods and articles or passengers entering or leaving the territory without the prior permission by the Customs;

  (4) The inward and outward means of transport conduct presumptuously domestic goods or passenger transportation business or are used for the purpose other than the transportation entering or leaving the territory without the prior permission by the Customs;

  (5) The inward and outward means of transport divert to conduct presumptuously transportation business in the territory without going through Customs procedures in accordance with the provisions;

  (6) In handling the storage, assembling, processing, consigning of the bonded goods, failure to go through receiving, delivery, or canceling procedures in accordance with the provisions, or failure to go through Customs procedures in accordance with the provisions upon suspension, extension, and assignment of relevant contracts;

  (7) To deposit the goods subject to the Customs supervision and control outside the "Customs Surveillance Zone" without the prior permission by the Customs or reject the Customs supervision and control;

  (8) To open presumptuously or damage the Customs seals attached by the customs on the means of transport, warehouses and goods.

  Article 14

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 20,000:

  (1) Failure to go along the route designated by the competent transportation administration authorities or the Customs during the time after the inward means of transport have entered the territory but before declaring to the Customs or during the time after the outward means of transport have completed Customs procedures but before leaving the territory.

  (2) The inward and outward vessels, vehicles carry the goods subject to the Customs supervision and control do not go along the route designated by the Customs.

  (3) Failure to report to the Customs without appropriated reasons when the inward and outward vessels and aircraft have to berth, land and throw or unload the goods and articles at the places without Customs due to force majeure.

  Article 15

  Any of the following acts shall be ordered to pay the Customs duty or re-transport the relevant articles and may be imposed in addition a penalty of less than the value of the articles:

  (1) Non-declaration of the self-use articles exceeding the limit stipulated by the Customs in small amount carried or posted personally into or out of the territory;

  (2) False declaration or rejection of the Customs examination over the articles personally carried or posted into or out of the territory.

  (3) Failure to re-carry the articles registered and admitted into or out of the territory by the Customs and temporarily exempted from the Customs duty out of or into the territory;

  (4) Maintaining inside the territory the articles carried into the territory by transit passengers without the prior approval by the Customs;

  Article 16

  Any of the following acts shall be imposed a penalty of less than RMB 1,000:

  (1) To fail to notify the Customs in advance of the time of arrival, the place to stop or the transit and the place thereof of the inward and outward vessels, trains and aircraft without special reasons;

  (2) To open or damage the Customs seals attached by the Customs on the articles without permission;

  (3) To violate the Customs laws and regulations which makes it impossible or suspended that the Customs supervise and control over the inward and outward means of transport, goods and articles.

  Article 17

  Personally carried or posted articles prohibited into or out of the territory by the State, but declared to the Customs before the Customs inspection shall be confiscated or delivered back by order in accordance with the provisions and a penalty may be imposed according to the seriousness of each case.

  Article 18

  Punishment in lenient manner or exemption from punishment shall be accorded in the case of slight violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control or of voluntary confession.

  Exemption from punishment shall be accorded when act in violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control is discovered three years later.

  Chapter IV Disposal of Smuggling Act and Act in Violation of the Provisions Regarding the Customs Supervision and Control

  Article 19

  The disposal of the smuggling act and act in violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control shall be decided by the director of the Customs House.

  Article 20

  Certificates of detainment shall be issued by the Customs for the detainment of goods and articles or means of transport.

  The standard form of the certificates of detainment shall be compiled by the Customs General Administration.

  Article 21

  Customs may collect bond or mortgage equal to the value of the goods and articles or means of transport which are impossible or inconvenient to be detained from the party or the person in charge of the means of transport.

  Article 22

  The goods and articles or means of transport under detainment in accordance with the provisions shall be disposed before the court award is made or the punishment decision by the Customs enters into force. But the goods and articles which are fresh, living, perishable or liable to loosing effect may be sold before the court award or the punishment decision is made. The proceeds shall be deposited in the Customs and the owner shall be notified.

  Article 23

  In the case of deposit or remittance illegally obtained from smuggling acts as confirmed by the Customs through investigation, the Customs may notify, in writings, the bank or the post office to suspend the payment and notify at the same time the depositor or the remitter. The period of such suspension of payment shall not exceed 3 months. After the penalty imposed by the Customs enters into force, the sum of money concerned shall be disposed by the Customs in accordance with the Customs Law and the Rules.

  Article 24

  In the case of violation of the Customs Law by enterprises, institutions, governmental departments or social organizations, Customs may impose a penalty of less than RMB 1,000 on the persons in charge or directly liable in addition to the punishment on the entities.

  Article 25

  In the case of violation of the Customs Law by enterprises, institutions governmental departments or social organizations, Customs may, in the light of the seriousness of the case, suspend the preferential treatments of tax reduction and exemption and nullify temporarily the capacity of declaration to the Customs or revoke the certificate of declaration held by the person concerned.

  Article 26

  Punishment notification shall be delivered to the party in respect of the punishment for violation of the provisions regarding the Customs supervision and control and for the act of smuggling.

  The party disobedient to the punishment decision made by the Customs may apply in writing for reconsideration to the Customs House which made the punishment decision or to the higher level of the Customs House within 30 days after the receipt of the punishment notification. The Customs House in charge shall make a reconsideration decision within 90 days after the receipt of application and make available the reconsideration decision to the party.

  The party disobedient to the reconsideration decision may sue to the court within 30 days after the receipt of letters of such decision.

  The party may also directly sue to the peoples court within 30 days after the receipt of the punishment notification. In the case of direct lawsuit to the peoples court, the party shall not apply to the Customs for the reconsideration.

  The standard form of punishment notification and the reconsideration decision letters shall be compiled by the Customs General Administration.

  Article 27

  The Customs may deliver the punishment notification or letters of the reconsideration decision directly to and for receipt signed by the party, or by mail with the date on the registered note of receipt as the date of service. Proclamation shall be made in the case of impossibility of delivery and shall be regarded as service.

  Article 28

  The punishment decision letter shall enter into force where the party has not applied for the reconsideration or sued to the court within the stipulated period of time.

  Penalties, illegal incomes and a sum of money equal to the value of the smuggled goods and articles of means of transport recovered in accordance with the law shall be paid within the period of time stipulated by the Customs punishment decision.

  Article 29

  In case that the party do not have permanent residence in the territory, payment shall be made in respect of the penalties, illegal incomes and the sum of money equal to the value of the smuggled goods and articles and means of transport recovered in accordance with the law before he leaves the territory In case that the party is disobedient to the punishment or can not pay the sum before he leaves the territory, a bond or mortgage equal in value to the above mentioned sum or other securities approved by the Customs shall be provided.

  In case the performance of the punishment decision made by the Customs within the period of time, the Customs shall immediately return the bonds, mortgages handed in to the party and other securities shall immediately terminate.

  Article 30

  In the case of non-performance of the Customs Punishment and in the absence of application for reconsideration or lawsuit by the party after the stipulated period of time, the Customs which made the punishment decision may confiscate the bonds or sell the goods and articles or means of transport under detainment or on mortgage as the punishment, and the Customs may also apply to the peoples court for enforcement.

  Article 31

  The party shall not be exempted from payment of the Customs duty and completion of the Customs procedures where penalty is imposed in accordance with the Rules but the goods and articles or means of transport are not confiscated.

  Chapter V Supplementary Provisions

  Article 32

  In the case of abuse of powers and intentional delay in the inspection or supervision or control, the Customs personnel shall be subject to administrative punishment in accordance with the provisions regarding the rewards and penalties to governmental personnel stipulated by the State Council. In the case of bribery or dereliction of duty or indulgence of smuggling, administrative punishment shall be imposed in accordance with the provisions regarding rewards and penalties to governmental personnel stipulated by the State Council or legal proceeding shall be persuade for criminal offence in accordance with the law and regulations.

  Article 33

  Terms used in the Rules are defined as follows:

  The term"articles" shall include currencies, gold and silver and securities.

  The term"equal in value" shall be determined according to current retail price in local state-owned market.

  In case the above price can not be determined, the Customs valuation shall be required.

  "include" and"less than" shall include the principal figure.

  Article 34

  The name-list of the goods restricted in import and export by the State shall be promulgated by the competent authorities in charge under the State Council.

  The name-list of the articles prohibited into or out of the territory by the State shall be determined by the Customs General Administration in accordance with the Customs Law and the relevant laws and regulations in association with the competent departments in charge under the State Council and promulgated by the Customs General Administration.

  The name-list of the articles restricted into and out of the territory by the State shall be promulgated by the Customs General Administration.

  Article 35

  The authority of interpretation of the Rules resides in the Customs General Administration of the PRC.

  Article 36

  The Rules shall enter into force on the date of July 1, 1987.



  精神损害赔偿是指基于侵权行为致使他人产生生理或心理上的痛苦不安及精神状况的异常等无形损害,要求侵权人通过财产形式的赔偿方法进行救济和保护的民事法律制度。建国以来,《中华人民共和国民法通则》第一次在法典中试探性地写进了精神损害赔偿的概念,使精神损害赔偿这个保护民事权利、制裁民事违法的法律武器,第一次走进了人民的生活中,成为中国法律的概念。经过多年的研究和实践,我国民事领域的精神损害赔偿的立法、司法和理论研究都已经基本成熟。但是,在刑事附带民事诉讼案件中,公民的生命权、健康权和身体权方面受到损害,受害人提出精神损害赔偿的,法院都会判决驳回。本文拟对被害人增设精神损害赔偿请求权做些初步探讨。

  一、精神损害赔偿在外国立法上的演变

  精神损害赔偿同其他法律制度一样,也存在一个萌芽、发展、完善的历史过程。

  精神损害赔偿制度萌芽于罗马法发展的第四个时期,即法典编纂时期①。法学家普遍认为,由《十二表法》规定的残酷刑罚(其中包括同态复仇)使得裁判官引入了“侵辱估价之诉”,通过它,刑罚变成了财产刑,并授权审判员根据正直的标准逐案地确定幅度或罚金额。②这个时期,裁判官允许被害人提起“损害之诉”,自定赔偿数额。至帝政时期,损害赔偿的请求权,完全由裁判官视损害的性质、受害的部位、加害的情节及被害人的身份等斟酌定之。③

  精神损害赔偿发展于17世纪至19世纪。在萨克逊法中,认为自由之受害人除得请求赔偿回复自由的费用和所丧失的利益之外,尚可就精神痛苦请求赔偿。法国判例认为,自由权的受害人与其他的利益之受害人相同,得请求抚慰金。侵害生命权,法国判例保护精神上之利益,对于因近亲被杀而生之精神痛苦,概命支付抚慰金。

  精神损害赔偿的完善于现代。英国是现存英美法系国家中立法最为完善的国家之一,其对精神损害赔偿的立法支持更是走在世界前列,并且经历了一个逐步完善的过程。英国1870年《没收法》和1952年《治安法院法》规定,法院审判某人犯有可诉罪时,只可命令其赔偿由于或通过犯罪致使申请人遭受的财产损失或损害。但1972年《刑事审判法》规定,可以命令对犯罪行为所造成的人身伤害也负赔偿责任。而在此之前,人身伤害不能给予赔偿。根据普通法的规定,人身伤害包括各种特定的侵权行为,如人身攻击、胁迫、精神折磨等。

  英国1976年颁布的《不幸事故法》对侵害生命权的赔偿又作了详尽的规定,赔偿对象包括财产损失和非财产损失两类,其中非财产损失包括寿命缩短、死亡痛苦、社交损失及被害人家属精神的痛苦。近年来,故意在精神上加以迫害或在精神上加以干扰,甚至骇人的恶作剧都可以成为提起精神损害赔偿诉讼的理由。英国法将刑事犯罪引起的精神损害赔偿独立于刑事法律之外,在形式上以判例的方式和侵权法等成文法方式加以规定适用。

  二、确立附带民事诉讼受害人精神损害赔偿请求权的意义

  1、有助于对受害人及受害人家属进行抚慰。精神损害的最终表现形式,就是精神痛苦和精神利益的丧失或减损。精神痛苦的产生有两个来源:一是侵害自然人人体的生理损害,当侵权行为侵害生命权、健康权、身体权时,给权利主体造成生理上的损害,使其在精神上产生痛苦;④二是侵害自然人心理的心理损害,当侵权行为侵害自然人的人身权利时,侵害了人的情绪、感情、思绪、意识等活动,导致人的上述精神活动的障碍,使人产生忧虑、愤怒、恐惧、焦虑、沮丧、失望、悲伤、抑郁、绝望、缺乏生趣等不良情感,造成精神痛苦,包括肉体上的痛苦。当自然人的生命权、健康权、身体权受到伤害,为减轻其本人及亲属的痛苦,应给予一定数额的金钱予以抚慰。⑤

  2、有助于我国的附带民事诉讼融入国际潮流,保护我国公民的合法权益。近年以来,在世界范围内公民权益损害的赔偿立法发展最明显的趋势是保护范围逐步扩大,由原来的只限于财产损害赔偿发展到精神损害赔偿。如果我国不尽快确立和完善被害人的精神损害赔偿请求权,就不会融入世界各国法律发展的潮流,也不利于保护我国在国外生活的公民的合法权益。我国刑法第八条规定:外国人在中华人民共和国领域外对中华人民共和国国家或者公民犯罪,而按照本法规定的最低刑为三年难以以上有期徒刑的,可以适用本法,但是按照犯罪地的法律不受处罚的除外。因我国法律没有赋予受害人的精神损害赔偿请求权,外国人在国外对我国公民犯罪造成受害人精神痛苦的,我国公民没权请求支付抚慰金,不利于我国公民合法权益的保护。

  3、有利于贯彻以人为本的价值追求。我国宪法第38条规定:中华人民共和国公民的人格尊严不受侵犯。温家宝总理向世界作出庄重承诺:让人民活得更有尊严。受害人及家属在自己或亲人的生命权、健康权、身体权遭受侵害造成心理损害时,被告人对其进行精神抚慰和经济补偿,而使受害人或其家属的尊严、威信和社会评价恢复到最佳状态,与以人为本的价值追求和政府的一贯主张相符合。

  4、有利于体现公平正义。在立法上有悖公平原则:三大诉讼中,民事诉讼、行政诉讼原告方在遭到精神损害时有获得精神抚慰的法律规定,而刑事诉讼中却没有这方面的规定,是立法的不公;在案件的处理上存在不公:在审判实践中,被告人赔偿受害人损失的和解案件中,被告人为博得受害人的谅解,对被害方提出的精神损害赔偿,被告人都接受,特别是在交通肇事案中,受害方都会提出精神损害赔偿要求,在双方签订的和解协议中精神损害赔偿都附卷备案,而同是交通肇事案件,案情完全一致,被告人与受害方达不成和解协议的情况下,对受害方提出的精神损害赔偿,法院在判决中就会不支持,会出现执法混乱,当事人无法理解法院的执法尺度。

  三、完善附带民事诉讼精神损害赔偿的立法规定

  完善附带民事诉讼精神损害赔偿的立法规定有两种方式可供选择:一是“两高”出台新修订《刑诉法》司法解释时,对侵害生命权、健康权、身体权造成精神痛苦损害的,受害人及家属请求精神损害抚慰金的,参照《最高人民法院关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿若干问题的解释》执行。二是在《刑诉法》第一扁第七章第九十九条增设第三款:被告人的犯罪行为致使被害人的生命权、健康权、身体权,造成受害人或家属精神痛苦,受害人或家属提出精神损害赔偿的,适用《中华人民共和国民法通则》一百二十条的规定。

  
参考书目:

  ①《罗马法》,群众出版社1983年版,第18—19页。

  ②黄凤译:《罗马法教科书》,中国政法大学出版社1993年版第404页。

  ③吴文翰等《罗马法》,群众出版社1983年版,第256页。

  ④杨立新等人所著《精神损害赔偿》人民法院出版社2004年版第19页。

  ⑤李伟:《用“精神损害赔偿”称谓诉讼纠纷质疑》,载《现代法学》1988年第4期。


  (作者单位:湖南省宁远县人民法院)